Miles Davis

Flo Jo

Florence Griffith-Joyner (born Florence Delorez Griffith), also known as Flo-Jo (December 21, 1959 – September 21, 1998) was an American track and field athlete.

Life

Griffith was born in Los Angeles and raised in the Jordan Downs public housing complex. During the late 1980s she became a popular figure in international track and field due to her record-setting performances and flashy personal style. However, her career was also dogged by allegations of drug use, which was speculated to have caused her premature death until the autopsy determined that it was due to a congenital defect. She holds the world records in the 100 meters and 200 meters races. She was the wife of triple jumper Al Joyner and the sister-in-law of heptathlete and long jumper Jackie Joyner-Kersee.

Griffith finished fourth in the 200 m at the inaugural World Championship in 1983. The following year she gained much more attention, though mostly because of her extremely long and colorful fingernails rather than her silver medal in the Los Angeles Olympics 200 m. In 1985, she won the final of the Grand Prix with 11.00 seconds. After these Olympics she spent less time running, and married the 1984 Olympic triple jump champion Al Joyner in 1987.

Returning at the 1987 World Championships, she finished again second in the 200 m. She stunned the world when — known as a 200 m runner — she ran a 100 m World Record of 10.49 in the quarter-finals of the US Olympic Trials. Several sources indicate that this time was very likely wind-assisted. Although at the time of the race the wind meter at the event measured 0.0, indicating no wind, observers noted evidence of significant wind, and wind speeds up to 7 meters/second were noted at other times during the event. Since 1997 the International Athletics Annual of the Association of Track and Field Statisticians has listed this performance as “probably strongly wind assisted, but recognised as a world record”. Griffith-Joyner’s coach later stated that he believed the 10.49 run had been aided by wind. Outside this race, Griffith-Joyner’s fastest time without wind assistance was 10.61 seconds, which would give her the world record anyway.

By now known to the world as “Flo-Jo”, Griffith-Joyner was the big favorite for the titles in the sprint events at the 1988 Summer Olympics. In the 100 m final, she ran a wind-assisted 10.54, beating her nearest rival Evelyn Ashford by 0.3 seconds. In the 200 m quarter-final, she set a world record and then broke that record again winning the final by 0.4 seconds with a time of 21.34. She also ran in the 4 x 100 m and 4 x 400 m relay teams. She won a gold medal in the former event, and a silver in the latter, her first international 4 x 400 m relay. Her effort in the 100 m was ranked 98th in British TV Channel 4′s 100 Greatest Sporting Moments in 2002. She was the 1988 recipient of the James E. Sullivan Award as the top amateur athlete in the United States. Griffith-Joyner retired from competitive sports shortly afterwards.

Among the things she did away from the track was design the basketball uniforms for the Indiana Pacers in 1989.

Flo Jo at the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games.

Death

On September 21, 1998, Griffith-Joyner died in her sleep. On October 22, the sheriff-coroner’s office (required to investigate unexpected deaths) announced the cause of death as: “1) positional asphyxia 2) epileptiform seizure 3) cavernous angioma, left orbital frontal cerebrum”. In layman’s terms, this means she died by suffocating in her pillow during a severe epileptic seizure. She was exactly three months away from her 39th birthday.

“Cavernous angioma” referred to a congenital (i.e., from birth) brain abnormality discovered during the autopsy that made Joyner subject to seizures. According to a family attorney, she had suffered a grand mal seizure in 1990, and had also been treated for seizures in 1993 and 1994.

Jack Johnson

John Arthur (“Jack”) Johnson (March 31, 1878 – June 10, 1946), nicknamed the “Galveston Giant”, was an American boxer, the first black world heavyweight boxing champion (1908-1915).

Early life

Johnson was born in Galveston, Texas, the third child and first son of Henry and Tina “Tiny” Johnson, former slaves who worked at blue-collar jobs to raise six children and taught them how to read and write. Jack Johnson had just five years of formal schooling. Johnson’s father was born a slave in Tennessee. He dropped out of school after five or six years of education, to get a job as a dock worker in Galveston.

Professional boxing career

Johnson’s boxing style was very distinctive. He developed a more patient approach than was customary in that day: playing defensively, waiting for a mistake, and then capitalizing on it. Johnson always began a bout cautiously, slowly building up over the rounds into a more aggressive fighter. He often fought to punish his opponents rather than knock them out, endlessly avoiding their blows and striking with swift counters. He always gave the impression of having much more to offer and, if pushed, he could punch powerfully.

Johnson’s style was very effective, but it was criticized in the press as being cowardly and devious. By contrast, World Heavyweight Champion “Gentleman” Jim Corbett, who was white, had used many of the same techniques a decade earlier, and was praised by the press as “the cleverest man in boxing”.

By 1902, Johnson had won at least 50 fights against both white and black opponents. Johnson won his first title on February 3, 1903, beating “Denver” Ed Martin over 20 rounds for the World Colored Heavyweight Championship. His efforts to win the full title were thwarted, as world heavyweight champion James J. Jeffries refused to face him then. Black and white boxers could meet in other competitions, but the world heavyweight championship was off limits to them. However, Johnson did fight former champion Bob Fitzsimmons in July 1907, and knocked him out in two rounds.

Johnson finally won the world heavyweight title on December 26, 1908, when he fought the Canadian world champion Tommy Burns in Sydney, after stalking Burns around the world for two years and taunting him in the press for a match. The fight lasted fourteen rounds before being stopped by the police in front of over 20,000 spectators. The title was awarded to Johnson on a referee’s decision as a T.K.O, but he had clearly beaten the champion.

After Johnson’s victory over Burns, racial animosity among whites ran so deep that Jack London called out for a “Great White Hope” to take the title away from Johnson. As title holder, Johnson thus had to face a series of fighters billed by boxing promoters as “great white hopes”, often in exhibition matches. In 1909, he beat Frank Moran, Tony Ross, Al Kaufman, and the middleweight champion Stanley Ketchel. The match with Ketchel was keenly fought by both men until the 12th and last round, when Ketchel threw a right to Johnson’s head, knocking him down. Slowly regaining his feet, Johnson threw a straight to Ketchel’s jaw, knocking him out, along with some of his teeth, several of which “supposedly” were embedded in Johnson’s glove. His fight with Philadelphia Jack O’Brien was a disappointing one for Johnson: though weighing 205 pounds (93 kg) to O’Brien’s 161 pounds (73 kg), he could only achieve a six-round draw with the great middleweight.

The “Fight of the Century”

Johnson’s fight against Jeffries, 1910.

In 1910, former undefeated heavyweight champion James J. Jeffries came out of retirement and said, “I feel obligated to the sporting public at least to make an effort to reclaim the heavyweight championship for the white race. . . . I should step into the ring again and demonstrate that a white man is king of them all.” Jeffries had not fought in six years and had to lose weight to get back to his championship fighting weight.

The fight took place on July 4, 1910 in front of 20,000 people, at a ring built just for the occasion in downtown Reno, Nevada. Johnson proved stronger and more nimble than Jeffries. In the 15th round, after Jeffries had been knocked down twice for the first time in his career, his people called it quits to prevent Johnson from knocking him out.

The “Fight of the Century” earned Johnson $65,000 and silenced the critics, who had belittled Johnson’s previous victory over Tommy Burns as “empty,” claiming that Burns was a false champion since Jeffries had retired undefeated.

Riots and aftermath

The outcome of the fight triggered race riots that evening — the Fourth of July — all across the United States, from Texas and Colorado to New York and Washington, D.C. Johnson’s victory over Jeffries had dashed white dreams of finding a “great white hope” to defeat him. Many whites felt humiliated by the defeat of Jeffries.

Blacks, on the other hand, were jubilant, and celebrated Johnson’s great victory as a victory for racial advancement. Black poet William Waring Cuney later highlighted the black reaction to the fight in his poem “My Lord, What a Morning”. Around the country, blacks held spontaneous parades and gathered in prayer meetings.

Some “riots” were simply blacks celebrating in the streets. In certain cities, like Chicago, the police did not disturb the celebrations. But in other cities, the police and angry white citizens tried to subdue the revelers. Police interrupted several attempted lynchings. In all, “riots” occurred in more than 25 states and 50 cities. About 23 blacks and two whites died in the riots, and hundreds more were injured.

Film of the bout

A number of leading American film companies joined forces to shoot footage of the Jeffries-Johnson fight and turn it into a feature-length documentary film, at the cost of $250,000. The film was distributed widely in the U.S. and was exhibited internationally as well. As a result, Congress banned prizefight films from being distributed across state lines in 1912; the ban was lifted in 1940. In 2005, the film of the Jeffries-Johnson “Fight of the Century” was entered into the United States National Film Registry as being worthy of preservation.

In the United States, many states and cities banned the exhibition of the Johnson-Jeffries film. The movement to censor Johnson’s black supremacy took over the country within three days after the fight. It was a spontaneous movement, mobilized by the Christian lobby and police forces, and endorsed by former President Theodore Roosevelt.

Loss of the title

On April 5, 1915, Johnson lost his title to Jess Willard, a working cowboy from Kansas who did not start boxing until he was almost thirty years old. With a crowd of 25,000 at Oriental Park Racetrack in Havana, Cuba, Johnson was K.O.’d in the 26th round of the scheduled 45-round fight, which was co-promoted by Roderick James “Jess” McMahon and a partner. Johnson found that he could not knock out the giant Willard, who fought as a counterpuncher, making Johnson do all the leading. Johnson, aged 37, although having won almost every round, began to tire after the 20th round, and was visibly hurt by heavy body punches from Willard in rounds preceding the 26th round knockout. Johnson is said by many to have spread rumors that he took a dive, but Willard is widely regarded as having won the fight outright. Willard said, “If he was going to throw the fight, I wish he’d done it sooner. It was hotter than hell out there”.

In a famous photo showing Johnson lying on the mat after being knocked down and during the ten count, he can be seen shielding his eyes from the glare of the tropical sun with his glove.

Legacy

Johnson was inducted into the Boxing Hall of Fame in 1954, and is on the roster of both the International Boxing Hall of Fame and the World Boxing Hall of Fame. In 2005, the United States National Film Preservation Board deemed the film of the 1910 Johnson-Jeffries fight “historically significant” and put it in the National Film Registry.

Johnson’s skill as a fighter and the money that it brought made it impossible for him to be ignored by the establishment. In the short term, the boxing world reacted against Johnson’s legacy. But Johnson foreshadowed, in many ways, perhaps one of the most famous boxers of all time, Muhammad Ali. In fact, Ali often spoke of how he was influenced by Jack Johnson. Ali identified with Johnson because he felt America ostracized him in the same manner because of his opposition to the Vietnam War and affiliation with the Nation of Islam. In his autobiography, Ali relates how he and Joe Frazier agreed that Johnson and Joe Louis were the greatest boxers of all.

In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Jack Johnson on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.

In September, 2008, 62 years after Johnson’s death, the United States Congress passed a resolution to recommend that the President grant a pardon for his 1913 conviction, in acknowledgment of its racist overtones, and in order to exonerate Johnson and recognize his contribution to boxing. In April 2009, John McCain of Arizona joined Representative Peter T. King of New York in a call for a posthumous pardon for the boxing legend by President Barack Obama.

In connection with his conviction on charges of violating the Mann Act, it has been pointed out that “[i]f Johnson did not violate the actual letter of the law, he certainly violated its spirit repeatedly as he openly consorted with prostitutes and, in one insistence, bankrolled a former madam, who had been one of his personal favorites, when she was seeking start up capital to open her own fully furnished brothel.”

Popular culture

Johnson’s story is the basis of the play and subsequent 1970 movie The Great White Hope, starring James Earl Jones as Johnson (known as Jack Jefferson in the movie), and Jane Alexander as his love interest. In 2005, filmmaker Ken Burns produced a 2-part documentary about Johnson’s life, Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson, based on the 2004 nonfiction book of the same name by Geoffrey C. Ward.

Folksinger and blues musician Leadbelly references Johnson in a song about the Titanic: “Jack Johnson wanna get on board, Captain said I ain’t hauling no coal. Fare thee, Titanic, fare thee well. When Jack Johnson heard that mighty shock, mighta seen the man do the Eagle rock. Fare thee, Titanic, fare thee well” (The Eagle Rock was a popular dance at the time). In 1969, American folk singer Jamie Brockett reworked the Leadbelly song into a satirical talking blues called “The Legend of the U.S.S. Titanic”. It should be noted there is no convincing evidence that Johnson was in fact refused passage on the Titanic because of his race, as these songs allege.

Miles Davis‘s 1970 (see 1970 in music) album A Tribute to Jack Johnson was inspired by Johnson. The end of the record features the actor Brock Peters (as Johnson) saying:

“

I’m Jack Johnson. Heavyweight champion of the world. I’m black. They never let me forget it. I’m black all right! I’ll never let them forget it!

”

Miles Davis and Wynton Marsalis both have done soundtracks for documentaries about Johnson. Several hip-hop activists have also reflected on Johnson’s legacy, most notably in the album The New Danger, by Mos Def, in which songs like “Zimzallabim” and “Blue Black Jack” are devoted to the artist’s pugilistic hero. Additionally, both Southern punk rock band This Bike Is A Pipe Bomb and alternative country performer Tom Russell have songs dedicated to Johnson. Russell’s piece is both a tribute and a biting indictment of the racism Johnson faced: “here comes Jack Johnson, like he owns the town, there’s a lot of white Americans like to see a man go down… like to see a black man drown.”

Johnson was referenced in the film Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy and he is mentioned in the 1940 book Native Son by author Richard Wright. Furthermore, 41st street in Galveston is named Jack Johnson Blvd.

Jack Johnson, the American singer, was named after this guy.

Wal-Mart created a controversy in 2006 when DVD shoppers were directed from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Planet of the Apes to the “similar item” Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson.

Ray Emery of the Philadelphia Flyers of the NHL sported a mask with a picture of Johnson on it as a tribute to his love for boxing.

In the trenches of World War One Johnson’s name was used by British troops to describe German 15cm heavy artillery shells that produced a lot of black smoke: a “Jack Johnson” was big and black and knocked you to the ground.

In Joe R. Lansdale’s short story The Big Blow, Johnson is featured fighting a white boxer brought in by Galveston, Texas’s boxing fans to defeat the African American fighter during the 1900 Galveston Hurricane. The story won a Bram Stoker Award and was expanded into a novel.

Johnson is the subject of the biographical comic book The Original Johnson, by writer/artist Trevor Von Eeden.

Michael Jordan

Also known as: Michael Jeffrey Jordan, Air Jordan

BIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY

Tar Heel Roots. Michael Jeffrey Jordan was born 17 February 1963 in Brooklyn, New York, but he attended high school in Wilmington, North Carolina. His high school coach did not recognize Jordan as a budding basketball star, however, and he was cut from the team as a sophomore. Despite this shaky start, he was recruited by the University of North Carolina, leading them to the national championship as a freshman in 1982. Two years later he was named College Player of the Year (1984), winning both the Naismith and Wooden awards. After his junior season, he was drafted by the Chicago Bulls, the third overall pick in 1984.

Air Jordan. There was something transcendent about Jordan’s movements on the court, and he inspired commentary, even from jaded sports reporters, that bordered on adulation. After Jordan set a National Basketball Association (NBA) playoff record for most points scored in a game (63), Boston Celtic forward Larry Bird said, “That was God disguised as Michael Jordan.” Having conquered every challenge available on the basketball court, including NBA Rookie of the Year (1985), three MVP awards (1988, 1991, 1992), Olympic gold medals (1984 and 1992), and three NBA Championships (1991-1993), Jordan shocked the world by retiring from basketball on 6 October 1993, at the peak of his career. The death of Jordan’s father, during a 1993 robbery attempt, may have helped push the basketball star to other pursuits. Success did not, however, always follow him off the court.

Basketball to Baseball, and Back Again. His venture into professional baseball was, in many ways, no different than that of thousands of other middle-age men in a mid-life crisis who paid good money to attend fantasy baseball camps for the opportunity to see how they might do in competition with former big leaguers. Because he was the most famous–and perhaps wealthiest–athlete of the decade, he got a chance not normally accorded men of his age. Playing with the Birmingham (Alabama) Barons in AA minor league ball, he batted .204, proof that he was mortal. When Jordan once again picked up a basketball, all questions about his incomparable domination of the sport were forgotten. One news report said that when speculation arose that Jordan would return to the Chicago Bulls after his year in baseball, the stocks of five companies whose products he endorsed climbed $2.3 billion dollars in three days. Returning on 19 March 1995, after a hiatus of one-and-a-half seasons, Jordan and the Bulls managed to reach only the second round of the playoffs, but then proceeded to win three more consecutive NBA titles (1996, 1997, and 1998). Jordan also captured MVP honors in 1996 and 1998. Each year the Bulls won the title, before and after his aborted retirement, Jordan won the MVP award for the Finals. He scored more points (5,987) than anyone else in the history of the NBA playoffs. His per-game average during the post season (179 games) was also the highest (33.4); Jordan was the only player, appearing in a minimum of twenty-five playoff contests, to top thirty points per game. His regular season stats were equally impressive. He averaged 31.5 points per game, 6.5 rebounds and 5.3 assists during his career. He led the league in scoring (1988-1993, 1996-1999). He was an NBA All-Star twelve times and Defensive Player of the Year in 1998. Jordan has been on the cover of Sports Illustrated forty-seven times, more than any other athlete. Jordan re-retired on 13 January 1999. Darryl Howerton, in a Sport magazine article, designating Jordan one of the five best athletes of the century, referred to Jordan as omnipresent. Even in other sports, people said of up-and-coming stars, “This could be the Michael Jordan of (fill in the blank).”

This retirement, too, was destined to be short-lived. Jordan bought an ownership stake in the Washington Wizards in 2000, intending to work in their front office as president. However, he decided to return to the court in the 2001-2002 season, in an attempt to whip the poorly-performing Wizards into shape as mentor, teacher, and inspirer. He played for the Wizards for two seasons, and although they did not make the playoffs either time, their performance did improve. Jordan also accounted himself well, proving wrong the critics who said that he was too old and his knees were too bad for the rough-and-tumble of NBA play. His knees did force him to cut back on his playing time and even to sit out several games, but he often racked up over twenty points per game when he did play, and in December 2001 he even became the oldest player ever to score over fifty points in one game. Jordan retired again, for the third and final time, at the end of the 2002-2003 season.

Jordan returned to the NBA, in a front-office position, in June of 2006, when he bought the second largest share of the Charlotte Bobcats. He became president of the team, with decision-making authority for the ownership group and input into moves such as trades and free agent signings. Despite the comeback, 2006 ended on a different note for Jordan: on December 29, he and his wife Juanita announced that they were divorcing amicably after 17 years of marriage.

Business Interests. Basketball was not the only field in which Jordan excelled. He was featured in an animated movie feature, Space Jam (1996), with costar Bugs Bunny, a character hardly more ethereal than Jordan. In addition to his athletic prowess and entertainment appeal, Jordan had a strong influence in the business world. He opened a restaurant in Chicago, had a cologne named for him, and graced the cover of Wheaties cereal boxes. Jordan’s “star” quality was clearly indicated by his endless television and media endorsements, for products ranging from basketball shoes to hamburgers to long-distance telephone services.

UPDATES
April 6, 2009: Jordan was elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame. Source: Chicago Tribune, <http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/chi-michael-jordan-hall-of-fame-090306,0,7097516.story>, April 6, 2009.

July 1, 2009: The 1992 Dream Team on which Jordan played was chosen for the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame. Source: Associated Press, <http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gWaOwCNYeP98V_nQ5FkYc_5f3r6QD995CBFO0>, June 30, 2009.

March 17, 2010: Jordan’s bid to buy a majority interest in the Charlotte Bobcats was approved by the NBA’s Board of Governors. Source: Los Angeles Times, <http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/17/sports/la-sp-nba-report-20100318>, March 18, 2010.

FURTHER READINGS

* Chicago Tribune, June 16, 2006, sec. Sports, p. 1; December 30, 2006, sec. News, p. 27.

* Bob Greene, Rebound: The Odyssey of Michael Jordan (New York: Viking, 1995).

* Darryl Howerton, “Michael Jordan,” Sport, 90 (December 1999): 42-43.

* “Jordan Not Returning to Wizards as President; Thanks Fans for Support,” Jet, 103 (May 26, 2003): 50.

* Lisa Kulman, “Wounded by His Knee,” U.S. News & World Report (April 15, 2002): 10.

* NBA.com, Internet website.

* L. Jon Wertheim and David Sabino, “Three’s a Charm: In His Third Incarnation, Michael Jordan Is Showing That He Can Still Perform Feats of Magic–Like Turning the Wizards into Winners,” Sports Illustrated, 96 (January 14, 2002): 48.